Tourism studies can be commissioned by a variety of individuals or institutions, depending on the purpose of the study and available funding. Governments: Government authorities, both national and local, often commission tourism studies to develop policies and strategies for tourism development and to assess the impact of tourism on local communities and the economy. Tourism organizations: Tourism promotion organizations, such as tourism bureaus and tourism industry associations, also often commission tourism studies to better understand tourists’ preferences and expectations and to provide better quality tourism services. Tourism companies: Companies operating in the tourism industry, such as hotels and airlines, also often commission tourism research to better understand tourists’ preferences and expectations and to enhance their appeal to potential customers. Universities and research centers: Universities and research centers often conduct tourism research as part of their academic activities. It is also possible that these institutions will outsource tourism research to external companies or organizations. Non-profit organizations: Non-profit organizations, such as foundations or associations, may also commission tourism studies to better understand the challenges and barriers tourists face and to ensure that tourism benefits both tourists and local residents